Old Testament Theophanies

Theophanies are special manifestations of God that are accompanied by acute awareness of His presence.

Type of Theophany* Reference Notes
God appears to Adam and Eve in the garden of Eden Gen 3:8–13
God appears to Cain Gen 4:1–16 (e.g. Gen 4:16)
God appears to Abram Gen 12:6–7; 17:1–21
God comes to Abram Gen 15:1–21 Vision fused with actions
Appearance to Hagar by a spring Gen 16:7–14 Angel of Yahweh
Abraham’s three visitors Gen 18:1–33 (18:10, 22, 33)
Binding of Isaac Gen 22 Angel of Yahweh (Gen 22:11, 15)
Isaac at Gerar Gen 26:2–5, 24–25
Jacob’s dream of angels at Bethel Gen 28:10–22 Dream
Jacob wrestles with God Gen 32:22–32
God renames Jacob Gen 35:1–15
God tells Jacob to move to Egypt Gen 46:2–7 Vision
The Burning Bush Exod 3:1–4:17 Angel of Yahweh (Exod 3:2)
God tells Moses to return to Egypt; “bridegroom of blood” Exod 4:19–26
God’s glory passes by Moses (cleft of the rock) Exod 33:17–23
Commissioning of Joshua Deut 31:14–15
Call of Gideon Judg 6:11–24 Angel of Yahweh (Judg 6:12)
Solomon’s prayer for wisdom 1 Kgs 3:3–15; 2 Chr 1:7–13 Dream
God speaks to Elijah (still small voice) 1 Kgs 19:9–18
God speaks to Job Job 38:1; 40:6; 42:7–9
Call of Isaiah Isa 6:1–13 Vision
Call of Jeremiah Jer 1:4–10 (see Jer 1:9) Word of Yahweh (Jer 1:4)
God appears to Ezekiel Ezek 1:4–28
Ezekiel’s vision of God leaving the temple Ezek 10:1–22 Vision (see Ezek 8:1–4)
Nebuchadnezzar’s furnace Dan 3:24–25 “Angel” (Dan 3:28)
Handwriting on the wall Dan 5:1–31 Hand sent from presence of God (Dan 5:24)
The pillar of fire and cloud that led Israel in the wilderness Exod 13:21–22; Num 9:15–23; 10:11–12, 34
The pillar of fire and cloud between Israel and Egypt Exod 14:19–20, 24–25 Angel of God (Exod 14:19)
The glory of Yahweh appears in a cloud Exod 16:10
Revelation at Mt. Sinai† Exod 19:16–20; Deut 4:9–14
The glory of God appears in a cloud on Mt. Sinai Exod 24:15–18
Cloud over tent of meeting with Moses (before tabernacle) Exod 33:7–11
Cloud over tent of meeting; glory of God in tabernacle Exod 40:34–38
The 70 elders Num 11:24–25
Judgment on Miriam and Aaron Num 12:5
Glory of God fills Solomon’s temple 1 Kgs 8:1–11; 2 Chr 5:13–14; 7:1–3

†Prophetic dialogue (compare Exod 6–14) is not a theophany.

†The revelation at Sinai became the template for theophanic depictions of God at Mt. Zion/Jerusalem (e.g. Psalms 18:7–20, 29:1–11, 97:1–5, 144:5–6; Mic 1:2–4).

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